Archives: Species

Holds our species list and data about the species

Rowan - Sorbus aucuparia

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 15

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open to moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Rowan, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Berries

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 3-5

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: May-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Secondary host for aphids

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate to high

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Willow varieties (SRC) - Salix spp.

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: Depends on variety

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: Depends on variety

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Hybrid Willow grown for SRC, Wakelyns, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Hybrids typically derived from non-native species

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Mar-Apr

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Blocking drains

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: High

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate to high

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

White Willow - Salix alba

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 30

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

White Willow, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 12-20

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low to moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Long-established introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Blocking drains, secondary host for aphids

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: High

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate to high

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Red Oak - Quercus rubra

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 20

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 10

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Red Oak, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 70-120

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Potentially very large tree

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low to moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Aspen - Populus tremula

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 31

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open to moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Winter (mid)

Aspen, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 20

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Feb-Mar

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate to high

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Hybrid poplars (timber) - Populus spp.

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: Depends on variety

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: Depends on variety

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate to high

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Depends on variety

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Very high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Winter (mid)

Hybrid Poplars, Cirencester, UK / Paul Burgess / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 22-40

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Hybrids typically derived from non-native species

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers, secondary host for aphids

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: High

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Black-poplar - Populus nigra ssp. betulifolia

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 35

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Winter (mid)

Black-poplar, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 6-20

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Mar-Apr

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers, secondary host for aphids

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Scots Pine - Pinus sylvestris

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 35

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Evergreen

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late)

Scots Pine, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 50-100

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Partly native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: May-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Potentially very large tree, self-sows, flammable

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate to high

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Walnut - Juglans regia

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 25

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 15

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderate

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer or winter (mid)

Walnut, Wakelyns, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Nuts

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 4-10

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 30-60

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Long-established introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Allelopathy

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Black Walnut - Juglans nigra

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 30

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderate

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer or winter (mid)

Black Walnut, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Nuts

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 10

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 60

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: May-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Allelopathy

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Beech - Fagus sylvatica

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 35

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Beech, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 70-140

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Potentially very large tree

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Cider Gum - Eucalyptus gunnii

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 30

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Evergreen

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High to very high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

A trial plot of Cider Gum in the UK / Forest Research / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 12

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Jun-Jul

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Flammable

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low to moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Hornbeam - Carpinus betulus

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 25

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Hornbeam, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 15-40

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low to moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate to high

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Downy Birch - Betula pubescens

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 20

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 6-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer or winter (mid)

Downy Birch, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 30-40

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low to moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Silver Birch - Betula pendula

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 20

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer or winter (mid)

Silver Birch, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 30-40

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low to moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Paper-bark Birch - Betula papyrifera

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 25

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer or winter (mid)

Paper-bark Birch, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 30-40

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Flammable

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low to moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Red Alder - Alnus rubra

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 15

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Red Alder, New Zealand / The Plant Company Ltd / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 10-32

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: Yes

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Feb-Mar

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Sessile Oak - Quercus petraea

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 27

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: Well over 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Pedunculate oak in Lustenau (Vorarlberg, Austria)/ Asurnipal/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 15-160

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Potentially very large tree

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Bird Cherry - Prunus padus

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 18

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 6

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open to moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer

Bird cherry, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 5-7

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low to moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Wild Cherry - Prunus avium

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 25

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer

Prunus avium Bayerischer Wald/ Konrad Lackerbeck/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 2-6

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 40-80

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers, potential allelopathy

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate to high

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Pedunculate Oak - Quercus robur

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 27

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: Well over 8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderate to moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Pedunculate oak in Lustenau (Vorarlberg, Austria) at Staldenbach/ Asurnipal/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 15-120

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Potentially very large tree

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Small-leaved Lime - Tilia cordata

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 30

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 15

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense to dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

2 Winterlinden auf einem als Viehweide genutzten Hügel am bayerischen Alpenrand mit Blick auf die Benediktenwand/ Waugsberg/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 10-140

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Jul

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Elder - Sambucus nigra

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 6

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 2.5-4

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Very early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter to early spring

Black Elder (Sambucus nigra) in the Burgwald Mountains near Wetter-Unterrosphe, Hesse, Germany/ Willow/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Flowers

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 2-3

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Jun-Jul

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Bay Willow - Salix pentandra

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 10

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 10

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Salix pentandra/ Malte/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: May-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Blocking drains

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate to high

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate to high

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Grey Willow - Salix cinerea

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 6

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 2.5-4

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Grey Willow, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Mar-Apr

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Blocking drains

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: High

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate to high

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Goat Willow - Salix caprea

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 10

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Goat willow, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 5-12

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Mar-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Blocking drains

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: High

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate to high

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Pear - Pyrus communis

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: Depends on rootstock and variety

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: Depends on rootstock

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Winter

Pyrus communis Daniel VILLAFRUELA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 3-9

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Long-established introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate to high

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Peach - Prunus persica

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 6 (depends on rootstock)

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer

Prunus persica Peach in flower with bumblebee/ Bee Happy Plants & Seeds

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 5-6

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Mar-Apr

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Secondary host for aphids

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate to high

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate to high

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Almond - Prunus dulcis

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 10

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 5

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer

Prunus dulcis Almond tree in flower/ מירב מזרחי/ https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Nuts

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 4-15

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Feb-Apr

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: High

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Plum - Prunus domestica ssp. domestica

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: Depends on rootstocks and variety

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: Depends on rootstock

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer

Prunus domestica Bemmel Lingewaard, Gelderland)/ Cultureel Gelderland/ https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 4-9

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Long-established introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Mar-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: High

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Dwarf / Sour / Acid Cherry - Prunus cerasus

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 8 (depends on rootstock)

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer

Prunus cerasus near Gipf-Oberfrick, Aargau, Switzerland/ Daniel Ballmer/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 2-6

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Long-established introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Apricot - Prunus armeniaca

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 8

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer

Prunus armeniaca, Urban Greening Botanical Gardens, Kiba Park, Japan/ Daderot/ https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 4-10

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Long-established introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Early spring

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Medlar - Mespilus germanica

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 9 (depends on rootstock)

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter to early spring

Mespilus germanica/ Mel Etitis/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 3

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Long-established introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: May-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low to moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Crab Apple - Malus sylvestris

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 10

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Winter (mid)

Malus sylvestris, Botanical Garden in Kaisaniemi Helsinki/ Daderot/ https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 3-4

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate to high

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Apple - Malus domestica

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: Depends on cultivar and rootstock

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: Depends on cultivar and rootstock

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderate

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Winter (mid)

Malus domestica/ Bee Happy Plants & Seeds

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 3-9

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Long-established introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate to high

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: High

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Alpine Manuka - Leptospermum scoparium

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 2.5

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 1.5-2.5

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Evergreen

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: After flowering, May

Leptospermum scoparium/ Bee Happy Plants & Seeds

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Late spring and summer

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Holly - Ilex aquifolium

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 10

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Evergreen

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Winter (mid to late)

Ilex aquifolium/ Bee Happy Plants & Seeds

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr/May-Aug

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Sea-buckthorn - Hippophae rhamnoides

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 3

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter

Hippophae rhamnoides/ Svdmolen/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 3-5

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: Yes

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Mar-Apr

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Quince - Cydonia oblonga

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 3 (depends on rootstock)

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 2.5-4

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter to early spring

Cydonia oblonga, Bucharest, Romania/ Laurap/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 7-8

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low to moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Hawthorn - Crataegus monogyna

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 8

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter to early spring

Crataegus monogyna/ By Bee Happy Plants & Seeds

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 3-8

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Feb-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low to moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Hazel - Corylus avellana

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 6

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open to moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter to mid spring

Hazel, Wakelyns, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Nuts

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 10

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 6-16

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Jan-Apr

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

True Service-tree - Cormus domestica (= Sorbus domestica)

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 20

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: At least 12

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter to early spring

Cormus syn Sorbus domestica, Stomaž, Sežana, Slovenia/ Octopus/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 10

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Probably native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low to moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Sweet Chestnut - Castanea sativa

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 35

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 25 or more

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter to early spring

Sweet Chestnut along a woodland edge, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Nuts

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 3-15

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 12-30

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Long-established introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Jul

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate to high

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low to moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Berberis / Darwin's Barberry - Berberis darwinii

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 3

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 2.5 to 4

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Evergreen

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: After flowering, May

Berberis darwinii/ Bee Happy Plants & Seeds

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 4

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low to moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Common Whitebeam - Aria edulis (= Sorbus aria, Aria nivea)

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 15

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 6

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

(Sorbus aria s. str.) bei Wiesensteig (Schwäbische Alb)/ Steffen Hammel/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Partly native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Strawberry-tree - Arbutus unedo

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 5

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Evergreen

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low to moderate

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter to early spring

Arbutus-unedo-by-Bee-Happy-Plants-&-Seeds

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: 3-5

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Sep-Dec

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Common Alder - Alnus glutinosa

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 25

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Common Alder, Reading, UK / Tom Staton / https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 60-70

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: Yes

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Feb-Mar

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Self-sows

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low to moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Italian Alder - Alnus cordata

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 25

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Alnus_cordata_grown-in-Stevenage-hertforshire/ Anemone Projectors/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 20-30

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: Yes

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Feb-Mar

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: No

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: None known

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Low

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Indian Horse-chestnut - Aesculus indica

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 30

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 12

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Unknown

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Aesculus indica RBG Kew Gardens Mark D’Cruz/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low to moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Jun-Jul

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Heavy shade

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Horse-chestnut - Aesculus hippocastanum

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 27

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 20 or more

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: High

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: -

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

Aesculus_hippocastanum/ Tsyganov Sergey/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: -

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: -

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate to high

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Heavy shade

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: High

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Low

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Sycamore - Acer pseudoplatanus

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 35

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 20 or more

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderate to dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer or winter (mid)

The Sycamore Gap Tree or Robin Hood Tree [was] an Acer pseudoplatanus standing next to Hadrian’s Wall in Northumberland. Crag Lough and Once Brewed village are nearby/ Gordon Leggett/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 65-100

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Recent introduction

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: Yes

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Self-sows

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

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Field Maple - Acer campestre

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 15

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 4-8

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Summer or winter (mid)

Acer campestre Ebsdorfergrund-Frauenberg, Hesse, Germany/ 006 Willow/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Yes

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 8-30

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: No

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: No

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Apr-May

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Potential allelopathy

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Wild Service-tree - Torminalis glaberrima (= Sorbus torminalis)

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 15

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: Up to 15

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Moderate

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter to early spring

(Sorbus torminalis), Ogród Botaniczny UMCS w Lublinie/ Salicyna/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 100-120

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low to moderate

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: May-Jun

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Suckers

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Moderate

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: High

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)

Large-leaved Lime - Tilia platyphyllos

Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: 30

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: 20 or more

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Moderately dense

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high

Management & Systems

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices, pollards

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer

A short avenue of 4 Large-leaved Limes Tilia platyphyllos in Kvinnherad, Norway/ Ryan Hodnett/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: -

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Yes

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: -

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: -

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Unknown

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: High

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.: Yes

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups: Yes

Pollinators

Flowering period (pollinator benefit)iTypical flowering months: Jun-Jul

High pollen and nectar value for pollinatorsiValue of flowers to pollinators: Yes

Susceptibility & Risks

Risk of toxicity to livestockiReported potential toxicity to livestock, categorised as yes or no. Toxicity is complex and often context-specific.: None known

Risks to farming operationsiOther risks such as suckering roots, very large tree size, secondary host for aphids, and flammability: Potentially very large tree

Disease susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to diseases, e.g. fungal and bacterial disease: Low

Invertebrate pest susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to invertebrate pests, e.g. aphids and other insects: Moderate

Vertebrate damage susceptibilityiSusceptibility of the tree (not tree products) to vertebrate pests, e.g. squirrels and deer: Moderate

Full Descriptions

(See single species page for full details)