Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.:
30m 1
32m 5
20-30m 6
37m 7

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres:
Broad ovoid to globular crown, at least 15m wide 1
Over 8m 2
Almost conical when young, irregular when older 3

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: High (436 sqm)

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.:
Moderately dense 1
Dense 3

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Late (May to Nov 1)

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Moderate to high 1

LongevityiExpected lifespan of the tree:
800+ years 2
Coppiced stools potentially over 1000 years 6

Management & Systems

Typical systemsiCommon agroforestry or silvicultural systems where this species is used:
Lowland 2
Arable, pasture and veg systems 5

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability:
Coppices well 13
Can be pollarded 1

Establishment requirementsiCommon requirements to establish the tree: Sensitive to browsing herbivores and voles 3

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Minimal or no pruning 1

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer 1

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: –

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp:
Timber 12
Max YC 10 4 or 8 2

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: –

Speciality productsiOther speciality and niche products: –

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: –

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 10-20 year coppice rotation, 100-140 year timber rotation 8

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.:
High – uncertain root depth, large canopy area
Often planted for its soil improving properties, including soil nitrogen, phosphorous, and earthworm populations, possibly aided by lime aphid honeydew 69

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.:
Short-term (20 years): High
Medium-term (40 years): High
Long-term (60 years): High

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native 1

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups:
Moderate 5
Highest value for mycorrhizal fungi, leaf litter, pollen and nectar 5