Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.: Depends on variety

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres: Irregular, bushy

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open 1

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early (Apr to Nov 1)

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.:
High 4
Risk of outcompeting slower-growing tree species 6

LongevityiExpected lifespan of the tree: Approximately 22 years 9 or up to 30 years 4

Management & Systems

Typical systemsiCommon agroforestry or silvicultural systems where this species is used:
Arable or pasture 1
Lowland or upland, depending on variety 4

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Short-rotation coppice

Establishment requirementsiCommon requirements to establish the tree:
Intolerant of weed competition 6
Will require protection from high herbivore pressure 6
Rabbit fencing may be necessary 7

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: May require high inputs of fertiliser, herbicide and pesticide to maintain high yields 3

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer 1

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: –

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: –

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood:
Bioenergy 2
Max YC 13 4

Speciality productsiOther speciality and niche products: –

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: –

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 2-5 yr SRC cycle 46, typically 3 years, lasting approximately 22 years (7 harvests) 9

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low – likely moderate root depth and low canopy area

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.:
Short-term (20 years): High: 442
Medium-term (40 years): N/A
Long-term (60 years): N/A

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Hybrids, typically derived from non-native species

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups:
Likely moderate given similarity to native species 5
High value for pollen and nectar 5

Other environmental impactsiOther impacts such as water consumption and nutrient leaching:
High water consumption in wet conditions 14
High potential to reduce nutrient leaching 35