Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.:
Medium tree capable of reaching 15m, however, typically less than 10m 1
3m 2
8-12m 3
10m 4
12m 5
1020m 7

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres:
Irregular, rather bushy 1
4-8m wide 2
Variable depending on situation 3

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low (63 sqm)

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Open 1

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early (Apr to Nov 1)

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.:
Moderate to high 12
Risk of outcompeting slower-growing tree species 6

LongevityiExpected lifespan of the tree:
60 years 1
Around 100+ years 2

Management & Systems

Typical systemsiCommon agroforestry or silvicultural systems where this species is used:
Arable or pasture 1
Lowland or upland 2
Arable and pasture systems 5

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability: Coppices well 1

Establishment requirementsiCommon requirements to establish the tree:
Fast growing and establishes well 1
Will require protection from high herbivore pressure 3
Intolerant of weed competition 6

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Minimal or no pruning 1

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Spring (late) to summer 1

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: –

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp: Potentially speciality timber 5

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Fuelwood, charcoal 125

Speciality productsiOther speciality and niche products: Tannins and dye from bark 5

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: –

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: 5-12 years 15

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Low – likely moderate root depth and low canopy area

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.:
Short-term (20 years): Relatively low
Medium-term (40 years): Very low
Long-term (60 years): Very low

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native 1

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups:
High 5
Highest value for foliage invertebrates, pollen and nectar 5

Other environmental impactsiOther impacts such as water consumption and nutrient leaching:
High water consumption in wet conditions 1
High potential to reduce nutrient leaching 5