Physical Traits & Growth

Typical max. heightiMaximum height in typical conditions, in metres. Full data also shows maximum achievable height in exceptional conditions.:
12m, usually <8m 1
4-8m 3
15m 5
Occasionally to 14m 6
10m, exceptionally 15m 7

Max. canopy widthiLikely maximum horizontal width of the canopy, in metres:
Globular crown 1
4-8m 2
Spreading 3

Size of shadowiSize of shadow based on a fully grown tree, categorised as low, medium or high: Low (62 sqm)

Canopy densityiShading intensity of the canopy when in full leaf. Categorised from open to dense.: Dense 1

Leaf emergenceiTime of leaf emergence, categorised as very early, early, late, or evergreen: Early (Apr to Nov 1)

Growth rateiHow quickly the tree grows during establishment. Categorised as low, moderate or high, with very high used in exceptional cases.: Low 14 to moderate 9

LongevityiExpected lifespan of the tree: Potentially 200+ years 2

Management & Systems

Typical systemsiCommon agroforestry or silvicultural systems where this species is used:
Lowland and upland 12
Arable or pasture 1

Approach to silvicultureiCoppicing and pollarding ability:
Tolerates cutting and trimming well 3
Stems require laying every few years 3

Establishment requirementsiCommon requirements to establish the tree:
Reasonably resistant to browsing 6
Competitive against weeds 10

Management requirementsiCommon long-term management needs such as pruning. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Trees require minimal pruning 1

Pruning timeiOptimal season for pruning: Late winter to early spring 2

Products & Economy

Food productsiCommon food products such as fruits and nuts: Fruits can be used for jelly or herbal tea 6

Wood productsiCommon wood products, including timber, turnery, and pulp:
Useful for turnery 2
Max YC 4 8

BiomassiCommon biomass products such as fuelwood: Fuelwood 2

Speciality productsiOther speciality and niche products: Edible emerging buds and young leaves 2

Time until market (food)iNumber of years until the tree produces food products: Seedling trees 5-8 years, grafted trees 3 years 7

Time until market (timber)iNumber of years until the tree produces wood products: Not typically grown on rotation

Ecology & Utility

Nutrient and organic matter accumulationiRough estimate of soil-improving properties, with larger and deeper-rooting trees predicted to have higher value. Categorised as low, moderate or high.: Moderate – deep roots and low canopy area

Nitrogen fixationiNitrogen-fixing properties, categorised as yes or no: No

High carbon sequestrationiAll trees sequester carbon, but faster-growing, larger trees generally have higher sequestration potential.:
Short-term (20 years): Relatively low
Medium-term (40 years): Very low
Long-term (60 years): Very low

Native status in the UKiCategorised as native, long-established, or recent introduction.: Native 1

High wildlife valueiMost trees are likely to be of some value to wildlife, but some trees are of generally higher value to various wildlife groups:
High 5
Highest value for leaf litter and blossom for pollen and nectar 5